![]() ĭue to the Roman Empire's vast extent and long endurance, the institutions and culture of Rome had a profound and lasting influence on the development of language, religion, art, architecture, literature, philosophy, law, and forms of government in the territory it governed. The Eastern Roman Empire survived for another millennium, until Constantinople fell in 1453 to the Ottoman Turks under Mehmed II. With the fall of Ravenna to the Germanic Herulians and the deposition of Romulus Augustus in AD 476 by Odoacer, the Western Roman Empire finally collapsed the Eastern Roman emperor Zeno formally abolished it in AD 480. Shortly after, the Migration Period, involving large invasions by Germanic peoples and by the Huns of Attila, led to the decline of the Western Roman Empire. To stabilize it, Diocletian set up two different imperial courts in the Greek East and Latin West in 286 Christians rose to positions of power in the 4th century following the Edict of Milan of 313. ![]() It was reunified under Aurelian ( r. 270–275). In the 3rd century, the Empire underwent a crisis that threatened its existence, as the Gallic and Palmyrene Empires broke away from the Roman state, and a series of short-lived emperors, often from the legions, led the Empire. Rome reached its greatest territorial expanse during the reign of Trajan (AD 98–117) a period of increasing trouble and decline began with the reign of Commodus (177–192). The first two centuries of the Roman Empire saw a period of unprecedented stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana ( lit. The vast Roman territories were organized in senatorial and imperial provinces except Italy, which continued to serve as a metropole. Octavian's power became unassailable and the Roman Senate granted him overarching power and the new title of Augustus, making him the first Roman emperor. The following year, Octavian conquered the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt, ending the Hellenistic period that had begun with the 4th century BC conquests of Alexander the Great. Civil wars and proscriptions continued, eventually culminating in the victory of Octavian over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. In the middle of the 1st century BC, Julius Caesar was appointed as dictator perpetuo ("dictator in perpetuity"), and then assassinated in 44 BC. The predecessor state of the Roman Empire, the Roman Republic, became severely destabilized in civil wars and political conflicts. Because of these events, along with the prevalence of Greek instead of Latin, some historians distinguish the medieval Roman Empire that remained in the Eastern provinces as the Byzantine Empire. The adoption of Christianity as the state church of the Roman Empire in AD 380 and the fall of the Western Roman Empire to Germanic kings conventionally marks the end of classical antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages. The imperial seat moved from Rome to Byzantium and following the collapse of the West in AD 476, it became its sole capital as Constantinople. The Empire was later ruled by multiple emperors who shared control over the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. From the accession of Caesar Augustus as the first Roman emperor to the military anarchy of the 3rd century, it was a Principate with Italia as the metropole of its provinces and the city of Rome as its sole capital. ![]() As a polity, it included large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia, and was ruled by emperors. Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) was the post- Republican period of ancient Rome. Please see our booking conditions for information, or for more information about financial protection and the ATOL Certificate go to: ATOL protection does not apply to the other holiday and travel services listed on this website.The Roman Empire ( Latin: Imperium Romanum Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, translit. ![]() If you do not receive an ATOL Certificate then the booking will not be ATOL protected. This website will provide you with information on the protection that applies in the case of each flight before you make your booking. Some of the flights on this website are also financially protected by the ATOL scheme, but ATOL protection does not apply to all flights. If you do receive an ATOL Certificate but all the parts of your trip are not listed on it, those parts will not be ATOL protected. Please ask for it and check to ensure that everything you booked (flights, hotels and other services) is listed on it. When you pay you will be supplied with an ATOL Certificate. All the flight-inclusive holidays on this website are financially protected by the ATOL scheme.
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